Nutritional and productive profile of shrub species in tropical lowlands of Antioquia (Colombia)

Jeraldyn Argüello-Rangel, Liliana Mahecha-Ledesma, Joaquín Angulo-Arizala

Nutritional and productive profile of shrub species in tropical lowlands of Antioquia (Colombia)

Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria, vol. 21, no. 3, 2020

Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria

Jeraldyn Argüello-Rangel

Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia


Liliana Mahecha-Ledesma *

Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia


Joaquín Angulo-Arizala

Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia


Received: November 11, 2019

Accepted: March 24, 2020

Published: August 15, 2020

Abstract: The soils used for livestock in the Bajo Cauca (Antioquia, Colombia) are characterized by having acid pH, low fertility, erosion, compaction, and overgrazing. For this reason, there are deficiencies in nutritional quality and forage production, especially in dry seasons. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the use of forage resources adaptable to this area. To compare the nutritional and productive profile of the species Crescentia cujete, Gliricidia sepium, and Tithonia diversifolia, experimental plots were established in Hacienda La Candelaria, using a completely randomized block design with and factorial arrangement. Plant height, green forage and dry matter yield (DM), dry matter content (DM%), neutral detergent fiber (NDF%), acid detergent fiber (ADF%), and crude protein (CP%) were evaluated. An analysis of variance and Tukey’s test were performed with significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) for dry matter yield, with a projected annual production of 13.75 t/ha for Crescentia cujete, 23.2 t/ha for Gliricidia sepium, and 18.47 t/ha for Tithonia diversifolia. Significant differences were found for NDF (p = 0.0349), ADF (p < 0.0001) and CP (p = 0.0037). Crescentia cujete showed the highest NDF (46.5 %) and ADF (25.1 %) contents, whereas Tithonia diversifolia recorded the lowest values (32.6 % NDF and 14.4 % ADF). The CP content was 25.2 % for Tithonia diversifolia, 24.3 % for Gliricidia sepium, and 15.0 % for Crescentia cujete. These results suggest that these species have a potential use in livestock systems in poor soil conditions.

Keywords: Crescentia cujete, forage yield, Gliricidia sepium, sustainable agriculture, Tithonia diversifolia.

Resumen: Los suelos destinados a ganadería en la región del Bajo Cauca (Antioquia, Colombia) se caracterizan por presentar pH ácido, baja fertilidad, erosión, compactación y sobrepastoreo. Debido a esto, presentan deficiencias en calidad nutricional y producción de biomasa, especialmente en épocas secas. Por lo anterior, se requiere evaluar el uso de recursos forrajeros adaptables a la zona de interés. Para comparar el perfil nutricional y productivo de las especies Crescentia cujete, Gliricidia sepium y Tithonia diversifolia, se establecieron en la hacienda La Candelaria parcelas experimentales en un diseño por bloques completamente aleatorizado con un arreglo factorial. Se evaluó altura de las plantas, rendimiento de forraje verde y materia seca (MS), y contenido de materia seca (MS %), fibra detergente neutro (FDN %), fibra detergente ácido (FDA %) y proteína cruda (PC %). Se realizó análisis de varianza y prueba de Tukey y se obtuvieron diferencias significativas (p ≤ 0,05) para el rendimiento de materia seca, con una producción anual proyectada de 13,87 t/ha para Crescentia cujete, 23,2 t/ha para Gliricidia sepium y 18,47 t/ha para Tithonia diversifolia. Hubo diferencias significativas para FDN (p = 0,0349), FDA (p < 0,0001) y PC (p = 0,0037). Crescentia cujete presentó el mayor contenido de FDN (46,5 %) y FDA (25,1 %), mientras Tithonia diversifolia registró los valores más bajos (32,6 % en FDN y 14,4 % en FDA). El contenido de PC fue de 25,2 % en T. diversifolia, 24,3 % en G. sepium y 15,0 % en C. cujete. Los resultados sugieren el potencial de estas especies en sistemas ganaderos con suelos pobres.

Palabras clave: agricultura sostenible, Crescentia cujete, Gliricidia sepium, rendimiento del forraje, Tithonia diversifolia .

Introduction

Colombian livestock has been characterized by being mostly extensive, allocating pastures from large areas to meet the nutritional needs of animals at the expense of ecosystems, which deteriorate due to deforestation (Mauricio et al., 2019). Despite the expansion of the agricultural frontier, livestock farms have low production rates due to poor quality and low forage production derived from inadequate grassland management and the demotion of the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil (Cubillos et al., 2016; Mauricio et al., 2019). To make matters worse, prolonged droughts, frosts, and severe flooding as a result of climate change (Tapasco et al., 2015), socioeconomic difficulties and lack of access to technical assistance and technologies (López-Vigoa et al., 2017; Navas, 2017) have increased the vulnerability of these production systems (Cuartas et al., 2014).

Most of the beef production systems are distributed in lowland tropical regions (0-1,200 m a.s.l.) exhibiting various edaphic characteristics (Carulla & Ortega, 2016). Livestock farms located in soils with low fertility, acid pH, high aluminum saturation, low organic matter, and problems of compaction and erosion are especially vulnerable (Gaviria-Uribe et al., 2015; Sossa & Barahona, 2015), since, in addition to extensive management, pastures usually show a low production and energy-protein ratio (Rincón et al., 2018, 2019).

Therefore, it is necessary to look for measures to improve the productive performance of these systems under the concepts of sustainability and adaptation to climate change. One of the alternatives that have been implemented in recent years is the use of silvopastoral systems (SPS), which consists of combining pastures, shrubs, and trees in different spatial arrangements (multi-layer in high density, forage banks, live fences, windbreak barriers, scattered trees) to optimize the use of areas, increase the food supply and promote the recovery of soils and the sustainable use of natural resources (Mauricio et al., 2019).

Of the spatial arrangements that can be implemented, forage banks (planting tree or shrub species in high densities) are an alternative solution to produce high-quality food in a smaller area, useful for supplementation, either fresh or by forage conservation methods such as silage (Calle et al., 2012).

There are several shrub species, such as botón de oro [Spanish] or wild sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia Hemsl A. Gray [Asteraceae]) (Gallego-Castro et al., 2017), matarratón [Spanish], gliricidia or forest lilac (Gliricidia sepium Jacq. [Fabaceae]) (Silva et al., 2017), and totumo [Spanish], calabash tree or bottle gourd (Crescentia cujete L. [Bignoniaceae]) (Gómez et al., 2015), which due to their nutritional characteristics and adaptation to several altitudes (thermal floors) and edaphic conditions, can be used in forage banks.

The species T. diversifolia is suggested to have the ability to take advantage of scarce nutrients in low-quality soils and contribute to soil improvement due to the levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, and amino acids in its leaves (Medina et al., 2009; Ojeniyi et al., 2012). Gliricidia sepium is also a species recognized for adapting to low fertility soils, but it is also a legume, so it contributes to the nitrogen fixation to the soil (Cubillos-Hinojosa et al., 2012). This is the reason why it has been used in agroforestry systems to improve the productivity of species such as corn (Smethurst et al., 2017) and cacao (Hosseini et al., 2017). On the other hand, C. cujete is recognized for its plasticity in adapting to different biogeographic conditions (Arango-Ulloa et al., 2009) and for presenting good nutritional characteristics not only in its leaves (Rodríguez & Roncallo, 2013) but also in its fruits (Flórez, 2012).

Tithonia diversifolia can achieve a green forage production of 24.7 t/ha and dry matter (DM) of 5.6 t/ha in its pre-flowering stage (Ferreira et al., 2016), with crude protein (CP) contents ranging between 13.0 % (Gallego-Castro et al., 2017) and 28.0 % (Verdecia et al., 2011). For its part, without high-density planting management, G. sepium can annually produce 17.5 t/ha of green forage (Vennila et al., 2016) and 8.57 t/ha of DM in the dry season (López, 2005), with CP contents between 16.0 % and 25.0 % (Silva et al., 2017). Both the forage and fruits of C. cujete can be used with green forage production of 14.0-16.0 t/ha and fruit production of 20.0 t/ha (Gómez et al., 2015). Regarding its DM production, from the leaves and stems of C. cujete with 120 days of age, 689.2 kg/ha can be obtained (Rodríguez & Roncallo, 2013), while, from the fruits, 11.0 t/ha have been recorded (Gómez et al., 2015). This species can have CP percentages of 14.0 % in leaves and stems (Gómez et al., 2015) and 8.38 % in fruits (Ejelonu et al., 2011). Accordingly, the aim of this study was to compare the nutritional and productive profile of T. diversifolia, G. sepium, and C. cujete in a tropical lowland in Antioquia (Colombia).

Materials and methods

The study was carried out at Hacienda La Candelaria, located in the municipality of Caucasia (Antioquia) at 08°01′49″ N and 75°13′03″ W, with an average temperature of 26 °C, an altitude of 50 m a.s.l., annual average rainfall of 2,100 mm, and 75.0 % relative humidity; 15.0 % of the region has a flat topography and 85.0 % shows undulating terrain.

Establishment of experimental plots

The research was carried out for 13 months, starting from the establishment phase (five months) and until the evaluation of the last cut in the rainy season (eight months). The experimental plots were established in soils that are characterized by having a loamy-sandy texture, acidic pH, poor organic matter, high aluminum saturation, compaction and erosion, and a high degree of stoniness (table 1).

Table 1
Soil characteristics of Hacienda La Candelaria, 2017
Soil characteristics of Hacienda La Candelaria, 2017


Source: Elaborated by the authors

An area of 792.0 m2 was selected and divided into two parts of 18.0 m × 22.0 m (396.0 m2) each, according to the topography and by distinction as a semi-plane (SMP) and slope (SP). In preparing the land, the area was cleaned with a commercial systemic herbicide according to the product's recommendations to remove the plant material. Subsequently, animal traction plowing (buffalo) was carried out, and eight experimental plots of 8.0 m×7.0 m (56.0 m2) were established, four in SMP and four in SP, leaving alleys of 2.0 m between these. The four species were then randomly distributed within each topographic condition (SMP and SP). In each plot, planting was performed with a double row model and a distance of 20.0 cm between plants, 75.0 cm between single rows, and 1.0 m between double rows, for a planting density of 6.25 plants/m2.

Planting the species

Sexual seed of T. diversifolia, G. sepium, and C. cujete were used for planting in the experimental plots. An amount of 1.0 kg of T. diversifolia seed was mixed with 10.0 kg of dry chicken manure and direct sowing was carried out in the field at less than 2.0 cm of depth. The G. sepium seed was hydrated for twelve hours (0.5 kg), dried in the sun for six hours and sown in the field at a depth of 2.0 cm. Finally, the C. cujete seed was planted at a depth of less than 2.0 cm, without separating the seed from the fruit pulp. Reseeding was performed 15 days later with seedlings previously established in the seedbed .

Cutting and maintenance cycle of the species

All three species, T. diversifolia, G. sepium, and C. cujete, were established successfully. Before the leveling cut and during the evaluation period of the plots, manual and chemical weed control was performed monthly. The leveling cut was carried out five months after establishment, using a bevel angle to cut at 0.70 m from the ground for all species. Subsequently, four samplings were carried out, one in December (beginning of the dry season), one in February (dry season), one in April (moderate rains), and the last in May (heavy rains). The samplings during the low precipitation period were carried out every 60 days, while in the high precipitation period, these were made every 45 days. For the evaluated species, the same uniformity cut procedure was followed, considering the topographic difference of the area (SMP and SP).

Climate behavior

During the agronomic and nutritional composition evaluations of the analyzed species, the behavior of the climatic variables (temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, and relative humidity) was monitored through the weather station of the farm (RainWise®).

Variables evaluated

Height

In each plot, 50 plants were randomly selected, and a graduated ruler was used to measure their height from the ground to the terminal bud of the main stem in the first and last sampling. The objective was to observe the behavior immediately after the levelling cut –considering that it was a newly established forage bank (5 months)– and after intermediate cuts (13 months post-establishment).

Nutritional composition

The contents of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were evaluated. Two samples of leaves and young stems (0.2 kg each) were taken from each plot (in each block); one sampling was carried out in February (dry season) and the other in April (moderate rains). The nutritional composition was examined with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in the Animal Nutrition Laboratory of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences of Universidad de Antioquia and Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - AGROSAVIA.

Usable green forage and dry matter yield per plant

From each plot, 50 plants were randomly selected to be cut and weighed. Sampling was carried out at the beginning of the dry season (December), in the moderate rainy season (April), and during the heavy rain season (May). The dry season (February) was not evaluated because the plants were in critical condition due to the severe drought. The green material obtained was weighed with a digital scale, separating leaves and tender stems from thick stems and senescent material, to differentiate between usable and unusable material. From 50 plants, the production per plant in each plot was estimated. A sample of 0.2 kg was taken in each plot and transported to the Animal Nutrition Laboratory to be dried in a forced ventilation oven for 16 hours at 70 °C, and DM yield was measured. The percentage of DM obtained by NIRS was set as a reference to estimate the DM yield per plant from the green forage yield per plant. The performance variables of green forage and DM were expressed in kg/plant.

For the projection of the green forage yield per hectare, the planting density applied in the plots (6.25 plants/m2) was considered, and for the annual projection of the DM yield per hectare, the planting density of 6.25 plants/m2 and six yearly cuts were taken into account.

Experimental design

The data were analyzed using a completely randomized block (CRB) design with a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement, where the block was the topography of the terrain (SMP and SP), and the factors were the species and the sampling. The information of the study variables was analyzed with the nlme package for mixed linear models in the R Project software, version 3.6.0. An analysis of variance of each of the variables and Tukey's test (p ≤ 0.5) were performed to compare means.

Results and discussion

Climatic behavior

The sampling carried out in December (beginning of the dry season) was made during the first week, when the plots had been without rain for seven days. However, after this first sampling, the drought lasted throughout the month, so a precipitation value of 0.0 mm, an average temperature of 27.2 °C, relative humidity of 81.9 %, and solar radiation of 274.75 W/m2 were obtained. As the survival of the plants was compromised, light irrigation was applied uniformly on all the plots. This was done three times a week, from mid-December to early March, at a rate of 360.0 l of water/plot in each irrigation. Irrigation lasted until March due to the climatic conditions of January and February, and registered precipitations of 3.5 mm and 24.1 mm, an average temperatures of 27.8 °C and 28.6 °C, relative humidity of 75.2 % and 71.4 %, and solar radiation of 286.7 W/m2 and 298.2 W/m2, respectively. This irrigation only served as an aid to the survival of the plants but was not sufficient for their proper recovery. For this reason, when the evaluation of February (dry season) arrived, there was just enough forage to take and perform the bromatological analysis, but not to make an evaluation of the forage yield. Therefore, the plants were not cut. The third sampling was carried out in early April (moderate rains). In addition to irrigation, the plants had received rains in March (approximately 97.0 mm) and the first ones in April (62.2 mm). Finally, the sampling carried out at the end of May corresponded to a period of heavy rains (approximately 550.0 mm) (figure 1 and figure 2).

Temperature and precipitation behavior during the experimental period.
Figure 1
Temperature and precipitation behavior during the experimental period.


Source: Elaborated by the authors

Solar radiation and relative humidity behavior during the experimental period.
Figure 2
Solar radiation and relative humidity behavior during the experimental period.


Source: Elaborated by the authors

Height

There was no effect of the factors studied or their interactions on the height variable (p > 0.05). The observed means by species were 1.32 m, 1.24 m, and 1.11 m for G. sepium, T. diversifolia, and C. cujete, respectively. According to the observed behavior, the non-significant differences for the species × sampling interaction could be because the December sampling (beginning of the dry season) was preceded by the rains of October and November (figure 1). This could have favored the growth of the plants in a similar way to the May sampling, carried out in times of heavy rain. Likewise, the plant´s height, found for the December and May sampling, suggests that the age of the crop did not affect the development of the plants negatively, despite having passed 13 months since their establishment.

Variations in plant growth (height and diameter, among others) can be attributed not only to genetic factors, but also to the interaction with the environment, where climatic factors (temperature, precipitation, wind, and radiation, among others), as well as edaphic (physical, chemical, and biological properties) and phytosanitary factors, as well as the competition between individuals, converge (Imaña & Encinas, 2008; Mora, 2018). Although no significant differences in height were observed between December and May samplings, it should be noted that the three species presented considerable heights concerning other studies. Regarding G. sepium, Gómez et al. (2008) reported a height of 2.76 m at 12 months of its establishment at a planting distance of 0.60 m, while, in the current study, the species reached an average of 1.32 m in high density and with frequent pruning. Some species of the Fabaceae family have shown high values in the root/stem ratio, allowing them to maximize their contact surface with the soil to obtain nutrients and water. In other words, they possess higher competitive ability even under poor edaphic conditions, which could explain the development observed for G. sepium in this study (Mayo-Mendoza et al., 2018).

The height found for T. diversifolia was higher compared to that reported by Gallego (2016) at 56 days of age (0.69 m) in the tropical highland (≥ 2,000 m a.s.l.); meanwhile, C. cujete had a higher height with respect to the one recorded by Rodríguez and Roncallo (2013), which was 0.96 m at nine months of age in the tropical lowland (≤ 1,000 m a.s.l.). These data indicate that despite the poor soil conditions in which the study was carried out, the plants had an adequate recovery in terms of growth and reached average cutting heights above 1.0 m.

Nutritional composition

Dry material

The DM content showed effects for the interaction between the species × sampling factors (p ≤ 0.05) and for the species and sampling factors. C. cujete was the species with the highest DM content, both in the February sampling, which coincided with the dry season and in the April sampling, corresponding to the moderate rainy season. For its part, the DM content of T. diversifolia showed the lowest values in relation to C. cujete and G. sepium, both in the April and February samples. In the February sampling (dry season), G. sepium did not show significant differences with T. diversifolia, although it obtained statistical differences in the April sampling (moderate rains) with a higher DM content compared to T. diversifolia (table 2).

Table 2
Nutritional composition of the evaluated species
Nutritional composition of the evaluated species

BO: T. diversifolia, M: G. sepium, T: C. cujete, Sp.: species, Sa.: sampling. Different letters indicate significant differences (p ≤ 0.05, a > b) according to Tukey's mean comparison test.


Source: Elaborated by the authors

The DM percentage of C. cujete was much higher than that recorded by Rodríguez and Roncallo (2013), which were 15.8 % and 14.9 % at 56 days and 84 days of regrowth in the rainy season. Regarding T. diversifolia, Naranjo and Cuartas (2011) and Gallego-Castro et al. (2017) found in the tropical highland 19.1 % and 12.5-12.7 % of DM, respectively.

These values were lower compared to those found in the current study for the February sampling (dry season), although similar to the April sampling (moderate rainfall). Regarding G. sepium, Oliveira et al. (2018) reported 21.6 % of DM, while Anis et al. (2016) found from 18.4 % to 24.7 %, which increased with the cutting age. The value found in the February sampling (dry season) was higher than the one described by Oliveira et al. (2018) and also showed a behavior similar to the one identified by Anis et al. (2016).

The content of DM can vary due to factors such as age and cutting frequency, time of year, agronomic management, and association with other species (Gallego-Castro et al., 2017). The high DM content in the February sampling (dry season) could be related to an increase in light intensity (figure 2) that can generate changes in the cellular structure of the forages, in particular, thicker cell walls in comparison with plants that grow in conditions of low light intensity (De Castro et al., 2018). Likewise, exposure to a higher light intensity generates higher transpiration rates and, hence, a lower concentration of water in the tissues contributes to raising the DM content (Soares et al., 2009).

The behavior of precipitation, temperature, relative humidity, and solar radiation during the evaluation period (figure 1 and figure 2) suggests that the DM percentages observed in the species could be related to the climatic conditions of the two samplings, the dry season and the moderate rainy season. C. cujete, which presented the highest DM contents in both samples, is a species recognized for its adaptation to semi-arid environments and tolerance to water stress (Arango-Ulloa et al., 2009). Furthermore, it has a good capacity for the absorption of water and nutrients and supports high photosynthetic and transpiration rates, such as those observed in this study (Piña & Arboleda, 2010).

Neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber

The interaction between the species × sampling factors was significant (p = 0.0349) for the NDF content. In the April sample (moderate rainfall), C. cujete had a higher NDF compared to the other species in both samples. On the other hand, T. diversifolia showed the lowest NDF value in both samples and concerning C. cujete and G. sepium. The latter presented values lower than C. cujete, but higher than T. diversifolia in the two samples evaluated (table 2).

In this investigation, the NDF values of T. diversifolia were lower than those found by Verdecia et al. (2011) that were 40.4 % in the period of minimum precipitation and 43.6 % in the rainy season 60 days after regrowth. In contrast, Cardona-Iglesias et al. (2017) found 39.0 % of NDF in the tropical highland. In the case of G. sepium, in a study carried out in the dry season, León et al. (2012) reported a value of 55.9 % of NDF in plants with more than 90 days of regrowth, while Edwards et al. (2012) observed NDF values of 58.2 % in plants of 42 days; both studies were conducted under tropical lowland conditions. When contrasting these values with those of the current study (38.4 % to 38.7 %), the mentioned reports show much higher values and could be associated with the features of each crop, such as cutting age, soil characteristics, and biogeographic conditions in which the studies were carried out (León et al., 2012).

Regarding C. cujete, the values found (44.9 % to 46.5 %) are in a similar range to those related by Rodríguez and Roncallo (2013), who found 48.8 % at three months of age, and 52.8 % at four months. It should be noted that in this research, no significant differences were observed in the NDF fraction between the sampling of February (dry season) and that of April (moderate rains), while these authors found an increase in this value as the cutting age increased.

The NDF is considered the fraction that determines forage intake in ruminants, so that, at higher values, lower feed intake occurs, given the slow degradation in the rumen and the filling effect it generates (Apraéz et al., 2012; Naranjo & Cuartas, 2011). Therefore, low NDF values could be related to better intake by animals. In tropical conditions, forages tend to have high NDF values, which increase with age and time of the year (zero or low precipitation). The maximum NDF content should be between 54.0 % and 60.0 % to achieve forage intakes higher than 2.0 % of body weight. However, the NDF values of the tropical grasses, which are the main food source of cattle, exceed these values (Cruz & Sánchez, 2000). This high content of NDF in grasses tends to limit the intake and degradability of DM, which may be 13.0 % lower in relation to pastures from other latitudes (Barahona & Sánchez, 2005).

Regarding the ADF content, no significant effect was observed in the sampling factor or in the interaction of the species × sampling factors. Significant differences were only found for the species factor (p < 0.0001), and C. cujete was the species with the highest ADF value (25.1 %) compared to G. sepium (20.3 %) and T. diversifolia (14.5 %).

When evaluating a silvopastoral system in the Caribbean region, Barragán (2013) reported ADF values for C. cujete under grazing between 48.36 % and 52.5 %, much higher than those found of the current study. This difference could be related to the management of the plants in the evaluated system, since in forage banks, frequent pruning is carried out to control the cutting height and the harvest of the material, while under grazing, the harvest of the material and its cutting height are not controlled, favoring the development of more woody stems.

Regarding G. sepium, Edwards et al. (2012) recorded an increase in the ADF fraction of 40.5 % and 43.8 % at 42 and 84 days of age, respectively. In the current study, the value was much lower, and the same was observed in T. diversifolia in comparison with the results of Cardona-Iglesias et al. (2017) and Verdecia et al. (2011), who reported ADF percentages of 27.2 % and 24.1-27.6 %, respectively. The ADF fraction groups cellulose and lignin, two cell wall components that increase with the age of the plant or with a high stem-leaf ratio (Apraéz et al., 2012). The lowest values in this study could be related to the age of the plants when cut; frequent pruning could have favored the presence of lower ADF content.

Higher NDF and ADF generate low energy availability, less digestibility, and less food intake (Naranjo & Cuartas, 2011). It should be noted that the NDF and ADF contents of the bushes evaluated were lower compared to grasses used in acid and low fertility soils such as Urochloa humidicola (NDF 80.8 %, ADF 42.4 %), Urochloa decumbens (NDF 69.5 %, ADF 43.46 %), and Urochloa brizantha (NDF 7.3 %, ADF 43.03 %) (Mahecha-Ledesma et al., 2017; Rivera et al., 2015). Given that the tropical grasses have high contents of NDF and ADF, and acid soils –due to their low fertility and high aluminum saturation– are an additional limitation for the establishment of grasses with better nutritional profiles, the results obtained in the current study show that the use of species such as T. diversifolia, G. sepium and C. cujete is an alternative to diversify the forage supply and improve its quality.

Crude protein

No significant differences were found in the CP content for the sampling factor or for the species × sampling interaction. However, significant differences were observed for the species factor (p = 0.0037) (table 2). Tukey's mean comparison test showed differences between the species T. diversifolia (25.2 %) and C. cujete (15.0 %), and between this latter and G. sepium (24.3 %), while between T. diversifolia and G. sepium there were no differences in the CP content.

Regarding T. diversifolia, Gallego-Castro et al. (2017) reported values between 12.7 % and 14.1 % and Naranjo and Cuartas (2011), a value of 24.13 %. In this investigation, the percentage of CP of T. diversifolia was high with respect to these studies, considering, besides, the edaphic characteristics of the area in which the establishment of the experimental plots was carried out. Regarding G. sepium, Edwards et al. (2012) found values between 25.7 % and 28.4 % with a decrease as age increased; there was no effect of the samplings on the percentage of CP. In the case of C. cujete, the CP content was similar to the 14.0 % reported by Rodríguez and Roncallo (2013).

The CP content found for the three species is relevant for the diet of animals in productive conditions of poor soils where pastures with a low percentage of CP such as U. humidicola (6.13 %), U. brizantha (6.44 %), U. decumbens (8.64 %), and B. hybrid cv. Mulato II (9.88 %) predominate (López-Vigoa et al., 2017; Mahecha-Ledesma et al., 2017; Rivera et al., 2015). Finding species with the ability to take advantage of the scarce nutrients in the soil and express adequate nutritional characteristics would be an alternative for supplementation of tropical lowland livestock systems, considering the poor nutritional quality of grasses and their scarcity during the dry season (Cordoví et al., 2013).

The CP content found in the studied species could be attributed to their ability to adapt and take advantage of soil nutrients and to their agronomic management (Botero et al., 2019; Edwards et al., 2012; Gómez et al., 2015). It is worth mentioning that in this study, all the species were established by sexual seed, allowing a better development of the root system (pivoting root) and, consequently, a higher capacity for nutrient absorption compared to when plants are established through cuttings (Saavedra, 2016). Similarly, height and cutting frequency may have had an effect on CP content, since, at a younger age and cutting height, higher CP content is found (Botero et al., 2019; Edwards et al., 2012; Rodríguez & Roncallo, 2013). On the other hand, as the plant ages, the cell wall increases, and the cell content decreases (Apraéz et al., 2012). In this particular case, despite the poor quality of the soils in the area, the CP percentages observed in the three species are high compared to the studies mentioned above, corresponding to areas with better soil conditions; this suggests that T. diversifolia, G. sepium, and C. cujete possess a good nutrient use adaptation capacity.

The inclusion of sources that provide protein to diets with low-quality tropical forages contributes to improving DM intake and utilization efficiency at the ruminal level (Sampaio et al., 2010). In this way , the bushes evaluated could be a forage source that contributes to improving the intake of livestock diets due to their considerable protein value, their low content of NDF and ADF concerning grasses, and their adaptability and performance in soils with poor soil conditions.

Usable green forage and dry matter yield

The results showed significant differences in the production of usable green forage (GF) for the species × sampling interaction and for the species and sampling factors (p ≤ 0.05). Tukey's mean comparison test indicated that the differences for the species factor were found between T. diversifolia (0.277 kg/plant) and C. cujete (0.114 kg/plant), and between the latter and G. sepium (0.276 kg/plant). In contrast, between T. diversifolia and G. sepium there were no differences in the production of usable green forage (table 3). Likewise, the species × sampling interaction reveals that the differences in the production of GF were shown in relation to C. cujete, which was the species with the lowest yield. On the other hand, in the interactions between the three evaluation samples, T. diversifolia and G. sepium presented a similar performance (table 3).

Regarding DM production, significant differences were found by species (p = 0.00301), and no difference for the species × sampling interaction (p > 0.05) and the statistical trend for the sampling factor (p = 0.0550). Tukey's mean comparison test showed that the differences were between C. cujete (0.037 kg/plant) and G. sepium (0.059 kg/plant) and between the latter and T. diversifolia (0.047 kg/plant) (table 3). On the other hand, although the yield in GF was higher for T. diversifolia compared to C. cujete, when evaluating the yield in DM, no significant differences were found. This could be related to the low DM content of T. diversifolia compared to C. cujete (table 2), so that, although C. cujete had lower production of GF given its higher DM content, it could express DM yield similar to that of T. diversifolia.

Table 3
Usable green forage and dry matter yield per plant for the species × sampling interaction and for the species factor
Usable green forage and dry matter yield per plant for the species × sampling interaction and for the species factor

BO: T. diversifolia, M: G. sepium, T: C. cujete, Sp.: species, Sa.: sampling. Different letters indicate significant differences (p ≤ 0.05, a > b), according to Tukey's mean comparison test.


Source: Elaborated by the authors

Regarding the production of green forage of T. diversifolia in conditions of the tropical highland, Gallego (2016) reported 21.81 t/ha per cut in a forage bank established with sexual seed and with cuttings every 56 days at 0.50 m. For their part, Ferreira et al. (2016) recorded 24.7 t/ha per cut in the pre-flowering stage with cuttings at 0.80 m in low tropical conditions, although the cutting age was not reported. When projecting the results obtained in the current study, the production of T. diversifolia would be 18.14 t/ha per cut, a lower value compared to the mentioned studies. In the case of G. sepium, a projected production per cut of 18.07 t/ha was estimated, which is equally favorable, although lower than that reported by López (2005), which was 25.1 t/ha per cut in the dry season and 60.1 t/ha in the rainy season in Nicaragua. Likewise, Rodríguez and Roncallo (2013) found a cut production of 14.0-16.0 t/ha of green forage of C. cujete in the Colombian Caribbean, which in the current study was lower (7.5 t/ha per cut).

When estimating the annual DM production, it is observed that G. sepium would have a higher production with 23.18 t/ha, while that of T. diversifolia would be 18.47 t/ha and that of C. cujete, 13.87 t/ha. When comparing these estimates with other studies, the DM yield is similar for T. diversifolia with respect to what was described by Gallego (2016) in the Colombian tropical highland, who reported values between 14.8-19.5 t/ha/year. In contrast, Van Sao et al. (2010) estimated 25 t/ha/year in Vietnam. Regarding G. sepium, Beedy et al. (2010) reported values between 2.5-5.7 t/h/year of DM in Malawi, Togo, and Nigeria, lower figures in relation to those of the current study. For their part, Edwards et al. (2012) estimated an increase in DM production at a longer interval between cuts, with values of 8.6 t/ha, 12.7 t/ha, and 15.0 t/ha at 42, 56 and 84 days, respectively, in medium climate in Trinidad and Tobago. Meanwhile, in a multi-layer silvopastoral system, Rodríguez and Roncallo (2013) estimated for C. cujete a production of 986.7 kg/DM/ha in the period of minimum precipitation and 2.4 t/DM/ha in the period of maximum rainfall.

It is necessary to clarify that the density of C. cujete in the system was low compared to the management given in this research, where high-density sowing was carried out under a plot scheme.

The results on the GF and DM yields are favorable for the three species, considering the quality of the soils in which they were established and the climatic conditions. The yields obtained could be related to the adaptability of the species to take advantage of nutrients, the cutting frequency and the high planting density, which could favor –due to the effect of competition between plants– higher growth (Cordoví et al., 2013; Mora, 2018; Mayo-Mendoza et al., 2018; Noda-Leyva & Martín-Martín, 2017). Competition between plants for space, light, and nutrients can increase their density and growth, depending on how competitive a species is. The less competitive species would be affected by their growth, while a shorter planting distance could favor growth in highly competitive species. The GF and DM yields observed in the evaluated samplings could be explained by the effect of competition between plants suggesting that G. sepium, T. diversifolia, and C. cujete are highly competitive species (Mayo-Mendoza et al., 2018).

Similarly, climatic conditions have also been associated with forage yield, so that the cuts preceded by rains can show a higher production of GF and DM (Navas, 2019). In this study, differences were found between the periods of April (moderate rains) and May (heavy rains), with a higher yield in the latter possibly because in April, the plants were still recovering from the dry season (December-February). The water stress of this season generated a considerable loss of leaves in T. diversifolia during the period of less precipitation (figure 1) compared to C. cujete and G. sepium. The lower loss of leaves in C. cujete and G. sepium could be because tree species show higher tolerance to the dry season since they develop roots that allow them to take water from deeper profiles (Cordoví et al., 2013; Navas, 2019). This behavior in GF and DM yield between the samplings of April and May would indicate a positive effect of precipitation on the recovery capacity of the studied species and, in turn, an adverse effect of low or no precipitation (December- February) on its development.

Conclusions

The green forage and dry matter yields of the evaluated species are related to the climatic conditions in which they are established; considerable forage productions are recorded in cuttings after moderate to high rainfall seasons. On the other hand, the analysis of the nutritional and productive profile of T. diversifolia, G. sepium, and C. cujete indicates that these species can adapt to poor soils given their good nutritional and productive characteristics, making them an alternative for strategic supplementation in tropical lowland herds.

Acknowledgments

To Universidad de Antioquia and to Departamento de Formación Académica de Haciendas for the logistical and financial support for the development of the project "Use of forage bushes to breed and raise BON × Zebu cattle in Caucasia, Antioquia." To Cooperativa Colanta for the inter-institutional cooperation agreement with Universidad de Antioquia, which allowed granting scholarships to the best averages of each postgraduate degree of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, among which the Master student on Animal Sciences and co-author of this article, Jeraldyn Argüello Rangel, was one of the beneficiaries.

Disclaimers

All authors made significant contributions to the document agreeing with its publication and declare that there are no conflicts of interest in this study.

References

Anis, S., Kaligis, D., Tulung, B., & Aryanto, A. (2016). Leaf quality and yield of Gliricidia sepium (Jacq) Steud under different population density and cutting interval in coconut plantation. Journal of the Indonesian Tropical Animal Agriculture, 41(2), 91-98. https://doi.org/10.14710/jitaa.41.2.91-98

Apraéz, J. E., Delgado, J. M., & Narváez, J. P. (2012). Composición nutricional , degradación in vitro y potencial de producción de gas de herbáceas, arbóreas y arbustivas encontradas en el trópico alto de Nariño. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 24(3). http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/3/apra24044.htm

Arango-Ulloa, J., Bohorquez, A., Duque, M., & Maass, B. (2009). Diversity of the calabash tree (Crescentia cujete L.) in Colombia. Agroforestry Systems, 76(3), 543-553. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-009-9207-0

Barahona, R., & Sánchez, S. (2005). Limitaciones físicas y químicas de la digestibilidad de pastos tropicales y estrategias para aumentarla. Revista Corpoica, 6(1), 69-82. https://doi.org/10.21930/rcta.vol6_num1_art:39

Barragán, W. (2013). Sistemas silvopastoriles para mejorar la producción de leche y disminuir el estrés calórico en la región Caribe [Master's Thesis, Universidad de Antioquia]. Repositorio Institucional. http://hdl.handle.net/10495/2365

Beedy, T., Snapp, S., Akinnifesi, F., & Sileshi, G. (2010). Impact of Gliricidia sepium intercropping on soil organic matter fractions in a maize-based cropping system. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 138(3-4), 139-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2010.04.008

Botero, J., Gómez, A., & Botero, M. (2019). Rendimiento , parámetros agronómicos y calidad nutricional de la Tithonia diversifolia con base en diferentes niveles de fertilización. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Pecuarias, 10(3), 789-800. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.22319/rmcp.v10i3.4667

Calle, Z., Murgueitio, E., & Chará, J. (2012). Integrating forestry, sustainable cattle-ranching and landscape restoration. Unasylva, 63(239), 31-40. http://www.fao.org/docrep/017/i2890e/i2890e06.pdf

Cardona-Iglesias, J., Mahecha-Ledesma, L., & Angulo-Arizala, J. (2017). Efecto sobre la fermentación in vitro de mezclas de Tithonia diversifolia, Cenchrus clandestinum y grasas poliinsaturadas. Agronomía Mesoamericana, 28(2), 405-426. https://doi.org/10.15517/ma.v28i2.25697

Carulla, J., & Ortega, E. (2016). Sistemas de producción lechera en Colombia: retos y oportunidades. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Producción Animal, 24(2), 83-87.

Cordoví, E., Ray, J., Tamele, O., Nhantumbo, S., & Chimbalambala, A. (2013). Caracterización de especies arbóreas y arbustivas forrajeras en clima semiárido del sur de Mozambique. Pastos y Forrajes, 36(4), 434-439. https://bit.ly/3cuX1sR

Cruz, M., & Sánchez, J. (2000). La fibra en la alimentación del ganado lechero. Nutrición Animal Tropical, 6(1), 39-74. https://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/nutrianimal/article/view/10317/9708

Cuartas, C., Naranjo, J., Tarazona, A., Murgueitio, E., Chará, J., Ku, J., Solorio, F., Flores, M., Solorio, B., & Barahona, R. (2014). Contribution of intensive silvopastoral systems to animal performance and to adaptation and mitigation of climate change. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Pecuarias, 27(2), 76-94. https://revistas.udea.edu.co/index.php/rccp/article/view/324881/20782384

Cubillos, A., Vallejo, V., Arbeli, Z., Terán, W., Dick, R., Molina, C., Molina, E., & Roldán, F. (2016). Effect of the conversion of conventional pasture to intensive silvopastoral systems on edaphic bacterial and ammonia oxidizer communities in Colombia. European Journal of Soil Biology, 72(40), 42-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2015.12.003

Cubillos-Hinojosa, J., Milian-Mindiola, P., & Hernández-Mulford, J. (2012). Biological nitrogen fixation by Rhizobium sp. native gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium [Jacq.] Kunth ex Walp.) under greenhouse conditions. Agronomía Colombiana, 29(3), 465-472. https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/agrocol/article/view/15936/31718

De Castro, D., Guimarães, R., Vilela, L., Alcantara, G., & Fernandes, A. (2018). Implementation of silvopastoral systems in Brazil with Eucalyptus urograndis and Brachiaria brizantha: productivity of forage and an exploratory test of the animal response. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 266, 174-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2018.07.017

Edwards, A., Mlambo, V., Lallo, C. H. O., & Garcia, G. (2012). Yield, chemical composition and in vitro ruminal fermentation of the leaves of Leucaena leucocephala, Gliricidia sepium and Trichanthera gigantea as influenced by harvesting frequency. Journal of Animal Science Advances, 2(Suppl. 3.2), 321-331. https://bit.ly/2TXlXCw

Ejelonu, B., Lasisi, A., Olaremu, A., & Ejelonu, O. (2011). The chemical constituents of calabash (Crescentia cujete). African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(84), 19631-19636. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB11.1518

Ferreira, L., Sandin, R., Silveira, S., Delarota, G., Storino, D., Sacramento, J., Campos, D., Maurício, R. (2016). Potencial forrageiro da Tithonia diversifolia para alimentação de ruminantes. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 28(2). http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd28/2/ferr28017.html

Flórez, E. (2012). Evaluación de pulpa de totumo (Crescentia cujete L) ensilada en dos estados de maduración como alternativa en alimentación bovina. Temas Agrarios, 17(1), 44-51. https://doi.org/10.21897/rta.v17i1.695

Gallego, L. (2016). Evaluación agronómica y análisis productivo del botón de oro (Tithonia diversifolia Hemsl. A Gray) como suplemento alimenticio de vacas lecheras en trópico alto [Master's Thesis, Universidad de Antioquia]. Repositorio Institucional. http://bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co/handle/10495/6113

Gallego-Castro, L., Mahecha-Ledesma, L., & Angulo-Arizala, J. (2017). Calidad nutricional de Tithonia diversifolia Hemsl. A Gray bajo tres sistemas de siembra en el trópico alto. Agronomía Mesoamericana, 28(1), 213-222. https://doi.org/10.15517/am.v28i1.21671

Gaviria-Uribe, X., Naranjo-Ramírez, J. F., Bolívar-Vergara, D. M., & Barahona-Rosales, R. (2015). Consumo y digestibilidad en novillos cebuínos en un sistema silvopastoril intensivo. Archivos de Zootecnia, 64(245), 21-27. https://doi.org/10.21071/az.v64i245.370

Gómez, I., Olivera, Y., Botello, A., & Espinosa, R. (2008). Efecto del marco de siembra en la producción de postes vivos de Gliricidia sepium. Pastos y Forrajes, 31(4), 327-332. https://bit.ly/36SrnnW

Gómez, M., Botero, L., Anzola, H., & Giraldo, V. (2015). Totumo, sobreviviente a inundaciones y sequías. Carta Fedegán, 150, 38-49. https://go.aws/2Mj8wcb

Hosseini, S., Trueman, S., Nevenimo, T., Hannet, G., Bapiwai, P., Poienou, M., & Wallace, H. (2017). Effects of shade-tree species and spacing on soil and leaf nutrient concentrations in cocoa plantations at 8 years after establishment. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 246, 134-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2017.06.003

Imaña, J., & Encinas, O. (2008). Epidometría forestal. Universidad de Brasilia.

León, M., Martínez, S., Pedraza, R., & González, C. (2012). Indicadores de la composición química y digestibilidad in vitro de 14 forrajes tropicales. Revista Producción Animal, 24(1), 1-6. https://bit.ly/2MiOluN

López, M. (2005). Procesos de fomento tecnológico de bancos de proteína de Gliricidia sepium en Rivas, Nicaragua: resultados bioeconómicos y lecciones aprendidas para su difusión [Master's Thesis, Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza]. Repositorio Institucional CATIE. http://hdl.handle.net/11554/4177

López-Vigoa, O., Sánchez-Santana, T., Iglesias-Gómez, J., Lamela-López, L., Soca-Pérez, M., Arece-García, J., & Milera-Rodríguez, M. (2017). Los sistemas silvopastoriles como alternativa para la producción animal sostenible en el contexto actual de la ganadería tropical. Pastos y Forrajes, 40(2), 83-95. https://bit.ly/3eCIb4O

Mahecha-Ledesma, L., Angulo-Arizala, J., & Barragán-Hernández, W. (2017). Calidad nutricional, dinámica fermentativa y producción de metano de arreglos silvopastoriles. Agronomía Mesoamericana, 28(2), 371-387. https://doi.org/10.15517/ma.v28i2.22750

Mauricio, R., Sandin, R., Campos, D., Alves, M., Murgueitio, E., Chará, J., & Flores, M. (2019). Chapter 18 - Silvopastoral systems in Latin America for biodiversity, environmental, and socioeconomic improvements. In G. Lemaire, S. Kronberg, P. De Faccio, & S. Recous (Eds.), Agroecosystem Diversity. Reconciling Contemporary Agriculture and Environmental Quality (pp. 287-297). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811050-8.00018-2

Mayo-Mendoza, M., Romo-Campos, R., & Medina-Fernández, P. (2018). Tasa relativa de crecimiento de herbáceas con potencial de restauración en suelos degradados del bosque La Primavera, Jalisco, México. Acta Universitaria, 28(2), 58-66. https://doi.org/10.15174/au.2018.1930

Medina, M., García, D., González, M., Cova, L., & Moratinos, P. (2009). Variables morfo-estructurales y de calidad de la biomasa de Tithonia diversifolia en la etapa inicial de crecimiento. Zootecnia Tropical, 27(2), 121-134. http://bioline.org.br/request?zt09015

Mora, J. (2018). Aplicación de modelos matemáticos no lineales para la estimación de parámetros de crecimiento de Alnus acuminata en sistemas silvopastoriles de Roncesvalles, Tolima. In V. Holguín, I. García, & J. Mora (Eds.), Árboles y arbustos para silvopasturas: uso, calidad y alometría (pp. 123-133). Universidad del Tolima.

Naranjo, J., & Cuartas, C. (2011). Caracterización nutricional y de la cinética de degradación ruminal de algunos de los recursos forrajeros con potencial para la suplementación de rumiantes en el trópico alto de Colombia. Revista CES Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, 6(1), 9-19. https://revistas.ces.edu.co/index.php/mvz/article/view/1489/993

Navas, A. (2017). Conocimiento local y diseño participativo de sistemas silvopastoriles como estrategia de conectividad en paisajes ganaderos. Revista de Medicina Veterinaria, 34, 55-65. https://doi.org/10.19052/mv.4255

Navas, A. (2019). Bancos forrajeros de Moringa oleifera, en condiciones de bosque húmedo tropical. Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria, 20(2), 207-218. https://doi.org/10.21930/rcta.vol20_num2_art:1457

Noda-Leyva, Y., & Martín-Martín, G. (2017). Efecto de la distancia de siembra en el rendimiento de Morus alba (L.) var. yu-12. Pastos y Forrajes, 40(1), 23-28. https://bit.ly/2MmAbJb

Ojeniyi, S. O., Odedina, S. A., & Agbede, T. (2012). Soil productivity improving attributes of Mexican sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia) and siam weed (Chromolaena odorata). Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture, 24(3), 243-247. https://www.ejfa.me/index.php/journal/article/view/867/630

Oliveira, A., Bagaldo, A., Loures, D., Bezerra, L., Moraes, S., Yamamoto, S., Araújo, F., Cirne, L., & Oliveira, R. (2018). Effect of ensiling gliricidia with cassava on silage quality, growth performance, digestibility, ingestive behavior and carcass traits in lambs. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 241, 198-209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.05.004

Piña, M., & Arboleda, M. (2010). Efecto de dos ambientes lumínicos en el crecimiento inicial y la calidad de plantas de Crescentia cujete. Bioagro, 22(1), 61-66. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=85716706008

Rincón, A., Álvarez, M., Pardo, O., Amaya, A., & Díaz, R. (2019). Estimación de la concentración de clorofila y su relación con la concentración de proteína cruda en tres especies del pasto Urochloa en el Piedemonte Llanero. Tropical Grasslands, 7(5), 533-537. https://doi.org/10.17138/TGFT(7)533-537

Rincón, A., Flórez, H., Ballesteros, H., & León, L. (2018). Efectos de la fertilización en la productividad de una pastura de Brachiaria humidicola cv . Llanero en el Piedemonte de los Llanos Orientales de Colombia. Tropical Grasslands, 6(3), 158-168. https://doi.org/10.17138/TGFT(6)158-168

Rivera, J., Cuartas, C., Naranjo, J., Tafur, O., Hurtado, E., Arenas, F., Chará, J., & Murgueitio, E. (2015). Efecto de la oferta y el consumo de Tithonia diversifolia en un sistema silvopastoril intensivo. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 27(10). http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd27/10/rive27189.html

Rodríguez, G., & Roncallo, B. (2013). Producción de forraje y respuesta de cabras en crecimiento en arreglos silvopastoriles basados en Guazuma ulmifolia, Leucaena leucocephala . Crescentia cujete. Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria, 14(1), 77-89. https://doi.org/10.21930/rcta.vol14_num1_art:345

Saavedra, S. (2016). Fenología y fisiología de semillas de botón de oro Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl) Gray [Master's Thesis, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, sede Medellín]. Repositorio Institucional UN. http://bdigital.unal.edu.co/55663/

Sampaio, C., Detmann, E., Paulino, M., Valadares, F., De Souza, M., Lazzarini, I., Rodrigues, P., & De Queiroz, A. (2010). Intake and digestibility in cattle fed low-quality tropical forage and supplemented with nitrogenous compounds. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 42(7), 1471-1479. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-010-9581-7

Silva, S., Carneiro, M., Edvan, R., Pereira, E., Neto, L. M., Pinto, A., & Camilo, D. (2017). Agronomic characteristics and chemical composition of Gliricidia sepium grown under different residual heights in different seasons. Ciencia e Investigación Agraria, 44(1), 35-42. https://doi.org/10.7764/rcia.v44i1.1579

Smethurst, P., Huth, N., Masikati, P., Sileshi, G., Akinnifesi, F., Wilson, J., & Sinclair, F. (2017). Accurate crop yield predictions from modelling tree-crop interactions in gliricidia-maize agroforestry. Agricultural Systems, 155, 70-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2017.04.008

Soares, A., Sartor, L., Adami, P., Costa, A., Fonseca, L., & Mezzalira, J. (2009). Influência da luminosidade no comportamento de onze espécies forrageiras perenes de verão. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 38(3), 443-451. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982009000300007

Sossa, C. P., & Barahona, R. (2015). Comportamiento productivo de novillos pastoreando en trópico de altura con y sin suplementación estratégica. Revista de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, 62(1), 67-80. https://doi.org/10.15446/rfmvz.v62n1.49386

Tapasco, J., Martínez, J., Calderón, S., Romero, G., Ordóñez, D., Álvarez, A., Sánchez-Aragón, L., & Ludeña, C. (2015). Impactos económicos del cambio climático en Colombia. Sector ganadero. Monografía n.º 254. Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo. https://bit.ly/2MjwpA7

Van Sao, N., Mui, N., & Van Binh, D. (2010). Biomass production of Tithonia diversifolia (Wild Sunflower), soil improvement on sloping land and use as high protein foliage for feeding goats. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 22(8). http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd22/8/sao22151.htm

Vennila, C., Gunasekaran, S., & Sankaran, V. (2016). Effect of lopping interval on the growth and fodder yield of Gliricidia sepium. Agricultural Science Digest, 36(3), 228-230. https://doi.org/10.18805/asd.v36i3.11448

Verdecia, D., Ramírez, J., Leonard, I., Álvarez, Y., Bazán, Y., Bodas, R., Andrés, S., Bodas, R., Álvarez, J., Giráldez, F., & López, S. (2011). Calidad de la Tithonia diversifolia en una zona del Valle del Cauto - Nutritive value of the Tithonia diversifolia in a location of Valle del Cauto. REDVET - Revista Electrónica de Veterinaria, 12(5), 1-13.

Author notes

* Corresponding author: Universidad de Antioquia. Grupo GRICA. Calle 67 No. 53 – 108. Medellín, Colombia. liliana.mahecha@udea.edu.co

Additional information

Subject editor: Jairo Rojas Molina (Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria [AGROSAVIA])

How to cite this article: Argüello-Rangel, J., Mahecha-Ledesma, L., & Angulo-Arizala, J. (2020). Nutritional and productive profile of shrub species in tropical lowlands of Antioquia (Colombia). Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria, 21(3), e1700. https://doi.org/10.21930/rcta.vol21_num3_art:1700

Secciones
Cómo citar
APA
ISO 690-2
Harvard
Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria
Nutritional and productive profile of shrub species in tropical lowlands of Antioquia (Colombia)
issn: 0122-8706 - 2500-5308
DOI: 449963354032
Vol: 21
Numero: 3
Año: 2020
Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria

Jeraldyn Argüello-Rangel

Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia


Liliana Mahecha-Ledesma *

Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia


Joaquín Angulo-Arizala

Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia


Contexto
Descargar
Todas