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Resumen
Se realizó un estudio para cuantificar la toxicidad y la presión ecotoxicológica de los plaguicidas sintéticos en la provincia de Sancti Spíritus (Cuba) entre 2011 y 2014. Este trabajo puede ayudar a desarrollar políticas y prácticas de gestión para reducir los peligros del uso de plaguicidas sintéticos en el país. A través de un estudio longitudinal descriptivo, se identificaron los riesgos potenciales para el medioambiente y la salud humana asociados con el uso de plaguicidas. Para determinar la toxicidad y ecotoxicidad del uso de plaguicidas, se utilizaron los indicadores de aplicaciones equivalentes (ƩSeq) y de riesgos laborales y medioambientales (POCER, por su sigla en inglés), además de la metodología de carga tóxica (TL, por su sigla en inglés) del Instituto Cubano de Sanidad Vegetal. Durante el periodo de estudio, 124 ingredientes activos correspondientes a 62 familias químicas fueron aplicados. Por su frecuencia de uso, predominaron los organofosforados, triazoles, piretroides, compuestos inorgánicos (como el cobre), carbamatos, ditiocarbamatos, neonicotinoides, ariloxifenoxipropionato y organoclorados. El uso de plaguicidas tóxicos y la falta de equipos de protección personal, entre otros aspectos, hicieron que los trabajadores, los residentes y los aplicadores fueran los módulos humanos con el mayor riesgo de exposición. Por otro lado, los módulos de mayor presión ecotoxicológica son los organismos acuáticos, la persistencia en el suelo y el agua subterránea. Con el uso de los indicadores POCER y ƩSeq, se puede realizar una evaluación más precisa de la toxicidad y la ecotoxicidad en Cuba, en comparación con la obtenida al utilizar solo la ecuación TL, como se hace actualmente en el país. La sustitución de los plaguicidas más tóxicos (paratión, endosulfán, bifentrina, oxicloruro de cobre, mancozeb, paraquat, diquat y ametrina) por otros menos tóxicos (cipermetrina, tebuconazol, triadimenol y bispiribac-sodio) podría ayudar a reducir la presión de los plaguicidas sintéticos sobre los seres humanos y el medioambiente.
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