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Resumen
El modelo económico cubano actual se centra en las fuentes renovables de producción de energía, de acuerdo con las estrategias de desarrollo sostenible para 2030, pero dichas estrategias no consideran el biogás, debido, entre otras causas, al poco conocimiento de su potencial real. Siguiendo la metodología del proceso de digestión anaeróbica en lote, el estudio muestra el potencial del biometano contenido en los residuos sólidos agrícolas más
importantes que se generan en Cuba, es decir, paja de arroz, paja de caña, paja de maíz, paja de frijol, paja de plátano (hojas), cáscara y café pergamino. El potencial bioquímico del metano se ensayó mediante reactores discontinuos a escala de laboratorio (585 ml), utilizando como inóculo un lodo anaeróbico de estiércol de cerdo en condiciones
mesófilas (35 ± 2 °C). Se determinaron los parámetros fisicoquímicos (sólidos volátiles totales, pH, alcalinidad, concentración de ácidos grasos volátiles) para evaluar la estabilidad del proceso, y se cuantificó la producción diaria de biogás; posteriormente, se calculó el potencial bioquímico del metano para todos los sustratos. Los resultados mostraron que la paja de maíz (0,42 l CH4 por gramo de sólidos volátiles) contenía el mayor potencial de biometano. Se obtuvo estabilidad en todos los sistemas y se demostró la viabilidad del inóculo utilizado para poner en marcha los digestores que tratan estos residuos. El potencial total de metano obtenido fue de 1258 106 m3/año, lo suficiente para generar 3750 GWh de energía por año, equivalente al 18 % de la generación total de electricidad anual del país.
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