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Resumen
El secado por aspersión es una técnica de amplio uso en la industria de alimentos para la obtención de productos en polvo a partir de la formación de gotas pequeñas dentro de una cámara de secado a temperatura elevada. Esta técnica de secado se ha aplicado a la formación de microcápsulas que albergan compuestos funcionales con el objetivo de suplementar un alimento mediante la adición de uno o varios ingredientes esenciales que pueden proporcionar beneficios para la salud humana. En esta revisión, se recopiló información sobre el proceso de microencapsulación de secado por aspersión: el principio y las condiciones de operación, los materiales pared utilizados, su influencia sobre las propiedades fisicoquímicas y funcionales de las microcápsulas obtenidas, los problemas de calidad en las microcápsulas, los aspectos de liberación de los compuestos bioactivos y los estudios relacionados con la microencapsulación de vitaminas, minerales, sustancias oleosas, antioxidantes y microorganismos probióticos. En total, se consultaron 78 estudios publicados entre los años 2010 y 2020 en bases de datos de alto impacto en la comunidad científica. Se observó que algunas combinaciones de compuestos bioactivos, con propiedades fisicoquímicas y funcionales definidas, dan origen a nuevos alimentos funcionales que mejoran en alto grado la salud de quienes los consumen con frecuencia. Los adelantos en el área de la microencapsulación mediante secado por aspersión son numerosos y coinciden con las nuevas tendencias de desarrollo e innovación en el ámbito alimentario.
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