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Resumen
La agricultura de conservación (AC) se ha promovido en América Latina como una alternativa para la gestión sostenible del suelo debido a su capacidad para prevenir la degradación edáfica, mejorar la productividad de los cultivos, minimizar el impacto del cambio climático y contribuir a la protección de la biodiversidad edáfica. El objetivo de la investigación fue evaluar el efecto de la AC sobre la calidad del suelo (CS) en cinco agroecosistemas del municipio de Cachipay (Cundinamarca): una cronosecuencia de cultivos de café (CC) de (1) 5 (CC5) y (2) 10 (CC10) años de establecimiento, sistemas de policultivos (SPC) de (3) 1 (SPC1) y (4) 6 (SPC6) años de edad, y (5) un agroecosistema en descanso (F, del inglés Fallow). Para lo cual, se determinó un conjunto mínimo de datos (MDS, del inglés Minimum Data Sets) a partir de un análisis de componentes principales. El índice de estabilidad de agregados, la estabilidad de agregados, la humedad, el diámetro medio geométrico, la conductividad eléctrica, la densidad de heterótrofos totales y las catalasas se seleccionaron en el MDS. Los mayores valores del índice de calidad se obtuvieron en: CC5 (0,71), CC10 (0,67), SPC6 (0,66), SPC1 (0,65) vs. F (0,60). El estudio evidenció el efecto positivo de las prácticas de AC basadas en una mínima alteración del suelo, una menor dependencia de los agroquímicos, una cobertura orgánica permanente y los sistemas agrícolas diversificados sobre la CS. El enfoque MDS-SQI representa una herramienta práctica, prometedora y adecuada para hacer seguimiento de la CS en agroecosistemas.
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