:
Resumen
Los pastos dedicados a la producción ganadera en Venezuela tienen una baja concentración de proteína cruda. Una de las estrategias nutricionales para corregir el déficit de proteína del forraje es el uso de nitrógeno no proteico en la dieta. Con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto de dos fuentes nitrógeno no proteico sobre el perfil metabólico de vacas lecheras lactantes, 31 vacas F1 Holstein × Cebú multíparas con promedios de 419 ± 46 kg de peso vivo y 17,1 ± 3,3 kg leche/animal·d-1 se asignaron de forma aleatoria a dos tratamientos durante 91 días: 1) 59 g·animal·d-1 de urea y 2) 64 g·animal·d-1 de Optigen II® como fuente de urea de degradación lenta (UDL). Los animales pastaron (2,12 AU·ha-1) en Urochloa decumbens, U. humidicola y U. brizantha (7,98-9,61 % PC); adicionalmente, se les suministraba 4 kg·animal·d-1 de alimento concentrado (15 % PC) y 108, 60 y 108 g·animal·d-1 de mineral, melaza y grasa sobrepasante, respectivamente. Cada 28 días se determinó en suero sanguíneo las concentraciones de glucosa, proteínas totales, albúmina, colesterol, urea, β-hidroxibutirato, y la actividad de las enzimas aspartato aminotransferasa y gamma-glutamil transferasa. Los datos se analizaron mediante ANAVAR bajo un diseño completamente al azar con medidas repetidas. No hubo diferencias entre los tratamientos en las variables estudiadas; sin embargo, el tiempo de muestreo influyó en todas ellas. No se observaron interacciones tratamiento × tiempo, excepto para la concentración de albúmina, que fue mayor en urea en el día 0. Los resultados obtenidos indican que bajos las condiciones experimentales del presente trabajo, Optigen II® no ofrece ventajas adicionales sobre la urea con respecto a los indicadores sanguíneos del metabolismo energético y proteico y de la funcionalidad hepática en vacas lecheras.
Ali, T. M., Narang, R., Dubey, P. P., & Kaur, S. (2021). Characterization of lactation curve patterns using non-linear models in crossbred dairy cattle. Indian Journal of Animal Research, 57(3), 290-297. https://doi.org/10.18805/ijar.b-4289
Azevedo, E. B., Savian, J. V., Amaral, G. A., David, D. B., Gere, J. I., Kohmann, M. M., Bremm, C., Jochims, F., Zubieta, A. S., Gonda, H. L., Bayer, C., & Faccio Carvalho, P. C. (2021). Feed intake, methane yield, and efficiency of utilization of energy and nitrogen by sheep fed tropical grasses. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 53(5). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-021-02928-4
Baimishev, K. B., Nikolayev, S. I., Baimishev, M. H., Uskova, I. V., Petukhova, E. I., Grigoryev, V. S., & Safiullin, K. A. (2018). Optigen dose influence on the haematological indices of high-producing cows. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 24(3), 467-475.
Bangar, Y. C., & Verma, M. R. (2017). Non-linear modelling to describe lactation curve in Gir crossbred cows. Journal of Animal Science and Technology, 59(3). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40781-017-0128-6
Bello-Faria, J. L., Mora-Luna, R. E., Herrera-Angulo, A. M., & Acosta-Rivas, B. (2021). Productive and reproductive performance and blood chemistry on grazing Brahman replacement heifers supplemented with fatty acids and protein. Ciencia y Tecnologia Agropecuaria, 22(3). https://doi.org/10.21930/RCTA.VOL22_NUM3_ART:2051
Benedet, A., Manuelian, C. L., Zidi, A., Penasa, M., & De Marchi, M. (2019). Invited review: β-hydroxybutyrate concentration in blood and milk and its associations with cow performance. Animal, 13(8), 1676-1689. https://doi.org/10.1017/S175173111900034X
Boschma, S. P., Murphy, S. R., & Harden, S. (2017). Growth rate and nutritive value of sown tropical perennial grasses in a variable summer-dominant rainfall environment, Australia. Grass and Forage Science, 72(2), 234-247. https://doi.org/10.1111/gfs.12237
Britton, R. A., Colling, D. P., & Klopfenstein, T. J. (1978). Effect of complexing sodium bentonite with soybean meal or urea in vitro ruminal ammonia release and nitrogen utilization in ruminants. Journal of Animal Science, 46(6), 1738-1747. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1978.4661738x
Chicco, C. F., Shultz, T. A., Carnevali, A. A., Oropeza, L., & Ammerman, C. B. (1971). Biuret and urea in supplements for bovines fed green chop elephant grass. Journal of Animal Science, 33(1), 133-136. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1971.331133x
Chicco, C. F., Shultz, T. A., Shultz, E., Carnevali, A. A., & Ammerman, C. B. (1972). Molasses-urea for restricted forage fed steers in the tropics. Journal of Animal Science, 35(4), 859-864. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1972.354859x
Contreras, P. A. (2018). Indicadores do metabolismo proteico utilizados nos perfis metabólicos de rebanhos. In F. González (Ed.), Doze leituras em bioquímica clínica veterinária (pp. 83-88). Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. https://www.ufrgs.br/lacvet/site/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Leituras-em-bioquimica-clinica.pdf
Corte, R. R., Brito, F. O., Leme, P. R., Pereira, A. S. C., Freitas, J. E., Rennó, F. P., Silva, S. L., Tedeschi, L. O., & Nogueira Filho, J. C. M. (2018). The effects of partial substitution of soybean with urea or slow-release urea on finishing performance, meat quality, and digestion parameters of Nellore steers. Animal Production Science, 58(12), 2242-2248. https://doi.org/10.1071/AN16609
Cozzi, G., Ravarotto, L., Gottardo, F., Stefani, A. L., Contiero, B., Moro, L., Brscic, M., & Dalvit, P. (2011). Short communication: Reference values for blood parameters in Holstein dairy cows: Effects of parity, stage of lactation, and season of production. Journal of Dairy Science, 94(8), 3895-3901. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2010-3687
El-Zaiat, H. M., Kholif, A. E., Khattab, I. M., & Sallam, S. M. A. (2022). Slow-release urea partially replacing soybean in the diet of Holstein dairy cows: intake, blood parameters, nutrients digestibility, energy utilization, and milk production. Annals of Animal Science, 22(2), 723-730. https://doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2021-0053
Gadegaonkar, G. M., Patil, M. B., Gulvane, S. U., Karambele, N. R., & Jagadale, S. D. (2018). Effect of supplementation of slow release non-protein nitrogen compound on the lactation of cows. The Indian Journal of Veterinary Sciences and Biotechnology, 14(3). https://doi.org/10.21887/ijvsbt.14.3.6
Gonzalez-Munoz, S., Sanchez, J., Lopez-Aguirre, S., Vicente, J., & Pinos-Rodriguez, J. (2019). Ruminal fermentation and digestion of cattle diets with total and partial replacement of soybean meal by a slow-release urea product. Veterinarni Medicina, 64(7), 294-301. https://doi.org/10.17221/159/2018-VETMED
Hailemariam, S., Zhao, S., He, Y., & Wang, J. (2021). Urea transport and hydrolysis in the rumen: A review. Animal Nutrition, 7(4), 989-996. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2021.07.002
Herrera-Angulo, A. M., Mora-Luna, R. E., Isea-Chávez, J. C., Eslava-Tovar, J. F., & Darghan, A. E. (2017). Production and chemical composition of milk from Holstein × Zebu F1 cows supplemented with two non-protein nitrogen sources. Revista Científica de La Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias de La Universidad Del Zulia, 27(2), 119-130. http://www.saber.ula.ve/bitstream/handle/123456789/43499/articulo7.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Hussein, H. A., Thurmann, J. P., & Staufenbiel, R. (2020). 24-h variations of blood serum metabolites in high yielding dairy cows and calves. BMC Veterinary Research, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-020-02551-9
Huston, J. E., Shelton, M., & Breuer, L. H. (1974). Effect of rate of release of urea on its utilization by sheep. Journal of Animal Science, 39(3), 618-628. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1974.393618x
Johnston, H., Beasley, L., & MacPherson, N. (2014). Copper toxicity in a New Zealand dairy herd. Irish Veterinary Journal, 67(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/2046-0481-67-20
Kaneko, J. J., Harvey, J. W., & Bruss, M. L. (Eds.) (2008). Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals (6th ed.). Academy Press.
Kessler, E. C., Gross, J. J., Bruckmaier, R. M., & Albrecht, C. (2014). Cholesterol metabolism, transport, and hepatic regulation in dairy cows during transition and early lactation. Journal of Dairy Science, 97(9), 5481-5490. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-7926
Kraisoon, A., Khanthusaeng, V., & Navanukraw, C. (2018). Metabolites, uterine pH and conception rates in lactating dairy cows: Effects of diets containing different proportion of slow-release urea. Journal of Agricultural Research and Extension, 35(2), 281-289. https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2019/20193172443.pdf
Lu, Z., Xu, Z., Shen, Z., Tian, Y., & Shen, H. (2019). Dietary energy level promotes rumen microbial protein synthesis by improving the energy productivity of the ruminal microbiome. Frontiers in Microbiology, 10(APR). https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.00847
Mazinani, M., Naserian, A. A., Mesgaran, M. D., Valizadeh, R., & Salem, A. Z. M. (2023). Dietary polymer-coated urea enhances the goats lactational performance, excretion of microbial purine derivatives and blood metabolites in the semi-arid zone of Iran. Acta Scientiarum - Animal Sciences, 45, e58041. https://doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v45i1.58041
Minson, D. J. (1990). Forage mass. In T. Cunha (Ed.), Forage in Ruminant Nutrition (First, pp. 67-89). Academy Press.
Miranda, M. S., Arcaro, J. R. P., Saran Netto, A., Silva, S. L., Pinheiro, M. G., & Leme, P. R. (2019). Effects of partial replacement of soybean meal with other protein sources in diets of lactating cows. Animal, 13(7), 1403-1411. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731118002926
Mordak, R., Kupczyński, R., Kuczaj, M., & Nizański, W. (2020). Analysis of correlations between selected blood markers of liver function and milk composition in cows during late lactation period. Annals of Animal Science, 20(3), 871-886. https://doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2020-0020
Mota, V. A. C., Prados, L. F., Nascimento, K. S., Fernandes, R. M., Silva, L. F. C. e., Holder, V. B., Pettigrew, J. E., Resende, F. D., & Siqueira, G. R. (2022). Relationship between different sources of non-protein nitrogen and supplementation times on performance and metabolism of grazing Nellore cattle during the dry season. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 54(6). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-022-03383-5
National Science and Technology Fund [FONACIT]. (2002). Código de Bioética y Bioseguridad (p. 35). Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología (MCT) y FONACIT.
Owens, F. N., Lusby, K. S., Mizwicki, K., & Forero, O. (1980). Slow ammonia release from urea: rumen and metabolism studies. Journal of Animal Science, 50(3), 527-531. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1980.503527x
Pal, R. N., & Negi, S. S. (1977). A note on rumen ammonia and blood urea levels in steers administered urea or sparingly soluble urea derivates as nitrogen supplements. Animal Production, 24(1), 117-119. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003356100039295
Parada-Sánchez, J. E., & Mora-Luna, R. E. (2019). Supplementation with intra-ruminal boluses of cobalt, copper and selenium in Brahman heifers in the southwestern region of Venezuela. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 31(9). http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd31/9/robert31141.html
Raphael, B. C., Dimick, P. S., & Puppione, D. L. (1973). Lipid characterization of bovine serum lipoproteins throughout gestation and lactation. Journal of Dairy Science, 56(8), 1025-1032. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(73)85300-7
Rodriguez, Z., Shepley, E., Ferro, P. P. C., Moraes, N. L., Antunes, A. M., Cramer, G., & Caixeta, L. S. (2021). Association of body condition score and score change during the late dry period on temporal patterns of beta-hydroxybutyrate concentration and milk yield and composition in early lactation of dairy cows. Animals, 11(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11041054
Salami, S. A., Moran, C. A., Warren, H. E., & Taylor-Pickard, J. (2020). A meta-analysis of the effects of slow-release urea supplementation on the performance of beef cattle. Animals, 10(4), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10040657
Salami, S. A., Moran, C. A., Warren, H. E., & Taylor-Pickard, J. (2021). Meta-analysis and sustainability of feeding slow-release urea in dairy production. PLoS ONE, 16(February). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246922
Shultz, T. A., Shultz, E., & Chicco, C. F. (1972). Pressure cooked urea-cassava meal for lambs consuming low quality hay. Journal of Animal Science, 35(4), 865-870. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1972.354865x
Shultz, E., Chicco, C. F., Shultz, T. A., & Garbati, S. T. (1974). Urea, biuret y su combinación como suplementos de nitrógeno para bovinos. Agronomía Tropical, 24(2), 149-158.
Shultz, E., Chicco, C. F., Shultz, T. A., Moya, A., & Garmendia, J. C. (1978). Combinaciones de urea y sulfato de amonio en suplementos para bovinos alimentados con heno de baja calidad. Agronomía Tropical, 28(6), 643-654.
Sinclair, L. A., Blake, C. W., Griffin, P., & Jones, G. H. (2012). The partial replacement of soyabean meal and rapeseed meal with feed grade urea or a slow-release urea and its effect on the performance, metabolism and digestibility in dairy cows. Animal, 6(6), 920-927. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731111002485
Stroup, W., Milliken, G., Claassen, E., & Wolfinger, R. (2018). SAS® for Mixed Models: Introduction and Basic Applications. SAS Institute Inc.
VanderWeele, T. J., & Mathur, M. B. (2019). Some desirable properties of the Bonferroni correction: is the Bonferroni correction really so bad? American Journal of Epidemiology, 188(3), 617-618. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwy250
Waghmare, S. P., Meshram, R. B., Dakshinkar, N. P., Pajai, K. S., & Siddiqui, M. F. (2016). Effect of supplementation of bypass fat on biochemical profile in dairy cows. The Asian Journal of Animal Science, 11(2), 111-114. https://doi.org/10.15740/has/tajas/11.2/111-114
Walter, L. L., Gärtner, T., Gernand, E., Wehrend, A., & Donat, K. (2022). Effects of parity and stage of lactation on trend and variability of metabolic markers in dairy cows. Animals, 12(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12081008
Wassie, S. E., Ali, A. I. M., Korir, D., Butterbach-Bahl, K., Goopy, J., Merbold, L., Schlecht, E., & Dickhoefer, U. (2019). Effects of feed intake level on efficiency of microbial protein synthesis and nitrogen balance in Boran steers consuming tropical poor-quality forage. Archives of Animal Nutrition, 73(2), 140-157. https://doi.org/10.1080/1745039X.2019.1572343
Wittwer, F. (2018a). Diagnóstico dos desequilíbrios metabólicos de energia em rebanhos bovinos. In F. González (Ed.), Doze leituras em bioquímica clínica veterinária (pp. 58-69). Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. https://www.ufrgs.br/lacvet/site/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Leituras-em-bioquimica-clinica.pdf
Wittwer, F. (2018b). Marcadores bioquímicos no controle de problemas metabólicos nutricionais em gado leiteiro. In F. González (Ed.), Doze leituras em bioquímica clínica veterinária (pp. 70-76). Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. https://www.ufrgs.br/lacvet/site/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Leituras-em-bioquimica-clinica.pdf
Descargas
