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Resumen
A fin de reducir el uso indiscriminado de antibióticos en la producción animal, se ha explorado el uso de diversas alternativas entre las que se encuentran probióticos, prebióticos y simbióticos los cuales representan un avance terapéutico potencialmente significativo y seguro. Los probióticos son microorganismos vivos que agregarse como suplemento en la dieta, favorecen la digestión y ayudan al mantenimiento del equilibrio de la flora microbiana en el intestino. Los prebióticos son ingredientes no digeribles de la dieta que estimulan el crecimiento o la actividad de uno o más tipos de bacterias benéficas en el colon. Los simbióticos combinan en sus formulaciones principios prebióticos y probióticos que actúan sinérgicamente. Estos productos al ser suministrados directamente a los animales mejoran su metabolismo, salud y producción. Entre los probióticos se cuentan las levaduras que inducen efectos positivos en términos de desempeño productivo en especies monogástricas, pero no pueden colonizar el tracto digestivo. En monogástricos los principales efectos de la suplementación con levaduras y sus derivados (mananos) son la estimulación de las disacaridasas de las microvellosidades, el efecto antiadhesivo frente a patógenos, la estimulación de la inmunidad no específica, la inhibición de la acción tóxica y el efecto antagonista frente a microorganismos patógenos. Por otra parte, las enzimas, minerales, vitaminas y otros nutrientes o factores de crecimiento que producen las levaduras inducen respuestas benéficas en la producción animal. Por todo esto los probióticos, prebióticos y simbióticos ofrecen la posibilidad de mantener el crecimiento de animales alimentados con dietas sin antibióticos y bajo condiciones de estrés. Esta revisión versa sobre los mecanismos mediante los cuales las levaduras y sus biomoléculas derivadas afectan de manera positiva los componentes celulares, tejidos y sistemas de los animales, lo cual tiene influencia sobre los niveles de producción y la salud del huésped.
Marilce Castro, Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (Agrosavia)
Investigadora, Programa Nacional de Fisiología y Nutrición Animal, Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, C.I. Tibaitatá.Fernando Rodríguez, Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (Agrosavia)
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