Resumen
Las plumas de pollo son residuos de la industria avícola que se generan en grandes volúmenes, están conformadas por queratina, proteína rica en cisteína, enlaces disulfuro y residuos hidrofóbicos y su reconversión es de gran interés para diseñar biomateriales con aplicaciones ambientales. El objetivo es generar esponjas de queratina a partir de plumas aplicables en el control de derrames de crudo, los cuales representan un importante daño ambiental. Se realizaron síntesis de esponjas a partir de plumas acondicionadas: E1: urea (2 M), sulfito de sodio (0,125 M), dodecilsulfato sódico (0,05 M), pH= 9, 90 ºC, 30 min y E2: urea (7,75 M), sulfito de sodio (0,48 M), pH= 6,5, 65 ºC, 120 min. Las disoluciones se dializaron y liofilizaron logrando el re-entrecruzamiento de la queratina. En la caracterización estructural (ftir-atr) se observaron las bandas Amida-A (3330 cmˉ¹), Amida-i (1616 cm-1), Amida-ii (1580-1510 cm-1) y Amida-iii (1240-1230 cm-1). La deconvolución de Amida-i indicó que la conformación de la estructura secundaria (hoja-plegada-β/α-hélice/β-turn) para E1 fue de 55,1/19,6/25,3 % y de 52,1/36,7/10,5 % para E2. Se evidenció por calorimetría diferencial de barrido la gran estabilidad térmica (Tdesnaturalización (E1) = 143,5 ºC; (E2) = 215 °C), se determinó la isoterma de sorción de agua, se ajustó con la ecuación gab y se cuantificó la capacidad de sorción de crudo (csc, g crudo/g queratina) y de retención (% crc). Por su parte, E2 presentó un mejor desempeño de sorción de crudo (csc = 21,22, crc = 78 % que E1 (csc = 5,87, crc = 47 %) y fue posible sintetizar esponjas de queratina con buenas características sorbentes de crudo, siendo una opción para la revalorización de la biomasa y su aplicación podría extenderse al control de otros contaminantes.
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